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Development Precedes Infrastructure: A Pragmatic Approach to India's Growth

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India's path to development is a complex journey, with numerous challenges and opportunities. Among the key debates within the nation's development agenda is the sequencing of development vis-à-vis infrastructure. Some argue that a robust infrastructure is the bedrock of development, while others contend that development should take precedence over infrastructure. In this article, we delve into the discourse and advocate for a nuanced perspective - development must precede infrastructure in India. Understanding the Dilemma Infrastructure development is undoubtedly crucial for a nation's progress. Roads, bridges, electricity, and communication networks form the backbone of economic growth, industrialization, and urbanization. However, the manner in which infrastructure is developed is just as important as the infrastructure itself. Unplanned infrastructure projects can lead to environmental degradation, social displacement, and financial burdens. Development Precedes Infrast...
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Revisiting the Kuznets Curve: Relevance and Application in the Modern Economic Era

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Revisiting the Kuznets Curve: Relevance and Application in the Modern Economic Era --- Introduction: The Curve That Promised Progress In the realm of development economics, few concepts have spurred as much debate, hope, and reinterpretation as the Kuznets Curve. Proposed by economist Simon Kuznets in the 1950s, the curve suggested that as a nation industrializes, inequality initially rises and later falls—forming an inverted U-shaped relationship between income inequality and per capita income. This idea promised that inequality was a temporary phase of development, eventually giving way to a more equitable distribution of income. However, as the world grapples with persistent inequality, climate change, urbanization, and complex globalization, the applicability and accuracy of the Kuznets Curve are being increasingly scrutinized. Furthermore, environmentalists have borrowed and modified the concept to develop the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), hypothesizing a similar inverted-U r...
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The Shadow Economy in India: Uncovering the Unseen Engines of Growth and Inequality

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The Shadow Economy in India: Uncovering the Unseen Engines of Growth and Inequality Introduction The Indian economy is often visualised through skyscrapers, software parks, and booming stock indices. Yet beneath this glittering formal layer lies a far larger, messier, and more complex world—the shadow economy. Also known as the informal, unorganised, or underground economy, it is where most Indians work, earn, and survive. Despite contributing an estimated 40% to India's GDP and employing nearly 90% of its workforce, the shadow economy remains mostly undocumented, unregulated, and untaxed. This article seeks to unveil the hidden mechanics, challenges, and paradoxes of India’s shadow economy. From its roots in colonial land systems to the modern-day gig platforms, from rural construction sites to urban street corners, we explore how informality has become both a lifeline for survival and a barrier to inclusive growth. What is the Shadow Economy? The shadow economy includ...
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